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    13 March

    中国人民解放军之第一野战军ZT

    第一野战军,是全国解放战争时期中国人民解放军的主力部队之一。它是由抗日战争末期晋绥解放区和陕甘宁解放区的八路军和地方武装发展起来的。
      
       晋绥野战军和晋绥军区野战纵队是为适应抗日战争转入大反攻的需要而成立的。1945年8月11日,中央军委命令成立晋绥野战军,隶属陕甘宁晋绥联防军建制,贺龙兼司令员,关向应兼政治委员(后李井泉),张宗逊任副司令员,李井泉任副政治委员,张经武任参谋长(后许光达代),甘泗淇任政治部主任(后孙志远)。下辖第358旅、独立第l、第2、第3旅和以后成立的独立第4、第5旅。8月21日,晋绥军区从陕甘宁晋绥联防军建制内调出,直属中共中央军委领导。
      
       1946年9月,从中原突围的第359旅回到陕甘宁解放区,后转隶晋绥军区建制。
         
       1946年11月10日,中共中央军委决定,取消晋绥野战军和晋北野战军(于1946年6月组建,属晋绥军区建制)番号,将两野战军部队统一组成晋绥军区第1、第2、第3纵队。第1纵队张宗逊任司令员,廖汉生任政治委员,辖第358旅和独立第l旅;第2纵队王震任司令员兼政治委员,辖第359旅和独立第4旅;第3纵队许光达任司令员,孙志远任政治委员,辖独立第2、第3、第5旅。并将第1纵队调驻陕甘宁边区。
         
       西北野战军的成立,是为了迎击国民党军对陕甘宁解放区的重点进攻。1947年2月10日,中共中央军委决定以晋绥军区第1纵队和陕甘宁晋绥联防军所辖新编第4旅、教导旅、警备第1、第3旅,共6个旅2.8万余人组成陕甘宁野战集团军。张宗逊任司令员,习仲勋任政治委员,王世泰任副司令员,廖汉生任副政治委员,阎揆要任参谋长,徐立清任政治部主任。3月初,野战集团军以一部兵力出击陇东,以调动准备进攻延安之国民党军。3月13日,国民党军以34个旅25万余人,向陕甘宁解放区发动进攻。其中,西安绥靖公署主任胡宗南所部15个旅14万余人从南线直攻延安。为了加强陕北地区的作战指挥,3月16日,中共中央军委决定,所有驻陕甘宁解放区的野战部队和地方武装,统归中共中央军委副主席兼总参谋长彭德怀和中共中央西北局书记习仲勋指挥。同时,成立西北野战兵团,撤销陕甘宁野战集团军番号。彭德怀兼西北野战兵团司令员和政治委员,张宗逊任副司令员,习仲勋任副政治委员,张文舟任参谋长,徐立清任政治部主任,王政柱任副参谋长。下辖第1、第2纵队(3月17日由晋中入陕归建)、教导旅和新编第4旅,共2.6万余人。
        
       3月19日,西北野战兵团胜利完成了中共中央、人民解放军总部和人民群众安全撤离延安的任务。3月25日至5月4日,西北野战兵团以2万余人的兵力,在粮食、弹药极端困难的条件下, 连续进行了青化砭、羊马河、蟠龙3次战役,歼国民党军3个旅及地方团队一部共1.4万人。经过这三次战役,初步稳定了西北战局。5月下旬至7月上旬,西北野战兵团挥师陇东,北进三边,收复了环县、定边、安边、靖边等地,共歼西北行辕副主任马步芳、马鸿逵所部2400余人。巩固了解放区,并为战略反攻创造了条件。
      
       1947年7月31日,中共中央军委决定,西北野战兵团正式定名为西北野战军,彭德怀任司令员兼政治委员,张宗逊任副司令员(翌年二月任命赵寿山为第二副司令员),习仲勋任副政治委员,张文舟任参谋长,徐立清任政治部主任,王政柱任副参谋长。下辖第1、第2纵队、教导旅、新编第4旅。并组成中共西北野战军前线委员会,彭德怀为书记。8月初,晋绥军区第3、第4纵队入陕拨归西北野战军建制。西北野战军总人数达4.5万人。此时,中国人民解放军已转入战略进攻。西北野战军于8月6日发起榆林战役,调动了国民党军胡宗南部10个旅北上增援,策应了晋冀鲁豫野战军陈(赓)谢(富治)集团南下黄河挺进豫西的作战行动。随后,西北野战军适时转移兵力,于8月20日在沙家店一举歼灭胡宗南集团的精锐部队整编第36师主力共6000余人,扭转了西北战局,开始由内线防御转入内线反攻。继之,于9月14日至16日进行了岔口、关庄追击战,歼国民党整编第1、第29军各一部共4000余人。至此,西北野战军打退了国民党军在西北的重点进攻。9月20日,由警备第1、第3旅和骑兵第6l师组成西北野战军第4纵队,王世泰任司令员,张仲良任政治委员。纵队组成后,于9月25日至10月21日,会同第2纵队向黄龙地区挺进,先后攻占白水、石堡(今黄龙)、韩城、宜川等城镇。之后,第2纵队入晋南,解放吉县;尔后又会同晋冀鲁豫军区第8纵队解放运城、安邑等城镇。在此期间,西北野战军主力发起延清战役,歼国民党军8000余人,收复了延长、 延川、清间、子长、绥德等城及延安东北广大地区。l0月11日, 由教导旅、新编第4旅组成西北野战军第6纵队,罗元发任司令员,徐立清任政治委员。至此,西北野战军已发展到5个纵队和1个直属山炮营,共7.5万人。
         
       1947年冬至1948年春,西北野战军进行以"诉苦"(诉旧社会和反动派所给予劳动人民之苦)和"三查"(查阶级、查工作、查斗志)为主要内容的新式整军运动,并在此基础上开展了群众性大练兵,提高了部队政治觉悟和战术技术水平。毛泽东对这一创造性的整军运动给予了高度评价。1948年1月上旬至中旬,召开了中共西北野战军前委扩大会议,贯彻中共中央"十二月会议"精神,讨论决定野战军转入外线作战的基本任务和各项政策,周恩来到会作了报告。2月24日至3月3日,西北野战军集中5个纵队发起宜川战役,一举歼灭国民党整编第29军军部、整编第27、第90师,共5个旅2.9万余人。这是西北野战军转入战略进攻后取得的第一个大胜利,从战略上有力地配合了中原战场人民解放军的作战。宜川战役后,西北野战军为扩大战果,于3月5日挥师南下,发起黄龙山麓战役,至3月9日,解放富县、黄陵、宜君,进逼蒲城。尔后以一部兵力围困洛川,主力于4月中旬挺进西府、陇东,至5月中旬,又歼国民党军2.1万余人,一度解放了西府和陇东广大地区,摧毁了国民党军在陕西宝鸡的重要补给基地,并于4月21日收复了革命圣地延安。
         
       1948年7月,以晋绥军区独立第10、第12旅,组成西北野战军第7纵队,彭绍辉任司令员,孙志远代政治委员。同月,以晋绥军区第1 1、第14旅和骑兵旅组成西北野战军第8纵队,姚喆任司令员。两纵队组建后分别留晋中和晋绥地区作战。西府、陇东战役后,为配合东北、华东、中原及华北人民解放军的战略决战,西北野战军于8月-11月间,先后发起了澄一、荔北和冬季3次战役,歼灭国民党军5.9万余人,牵制了胡宗南部于西北战场,有力地配合了其他战场的作战,并扩大和巩固了陕甘宁解放区,为尔后解放整个大西北地区创造了条件。
         
       1949年2月1日,遵照中共中央军委1948年11月1日颁布的《统一全军组织及部队番号的规定》和1949年1月15日关于各野战军番号改按序数排列的决定,西北野战军改称中国人民解放军第一野战军,彭德怀任司令员兼政治委员,张宗逊、赵寿山任副司令员,阎揆要任参谋长,甘泗淇任政治部主任,王政柱、李夫克任副参谋长,张德生任政治部副主任。所属各纵队依次改称第1、第2、第3、第4、第6、第7、第8军,骑兵第1、第2旅改称骑兵第1、第2师,总兵力l5.5万人。第7、第8军继续留晋中和晋绥地区作战。5月,第8军与绥蒙军区合并为绥远军区,隶属华北军区。为加速西北解放战争的进程,根据中共中央军委决定,6月,第18兵团(周士第任司令员兼政治委员,辖第60、第61、第62军)、第19兵团(杨得志任司令员,李志民任政治委员,辖第63、第64、第65军)由晋入陕归第一野战军建制。第7军亦随同归建。同时,第一野战军原属6个军组成第1、第2两个兵团。第1兵团,王震任司令员兼政治委员,辖第l、第2、第7军;第2兵团,许光达任司令员,王世泰任政治委员,辖第3、第4、第6军。第一野战军总兵力已达34.4万人。在此期间,第一野战军先后发起春季战役和陕中战役,解放了西安及陕西中部广大地区。
      
       第一野战军为贯彻中共中央军委关于解放大西北的战略部署,7月开始向西北国民党统治区深远后方进军。至9月,先后发起扶眉战役、陇东追击战和兰州、宁夏、河西战役,给胡宗南集团以沉重打击,迫使其退守秦岭,全部歼灭国民党西北军政长官马步芳和副长官马鸿逵所部,解放了陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海4省。9月25-26日,国民党新疆警备总司令陶峙岳和新疆省政府主席鲍尔汉先后通电起义,新疆和平解放。10月10日至11月初,王震司令员率第1兵团部及第2、第6军以空运、车运和徒步行军方式进驻新疆。11月26日至12月中旬,第18兵团及第7、第19军在贺龙司令员指挥下,向秦岭以南追歼胡宗南部,相继解放武都、汉中、安康地区。至此,西北5省全部解放。嗣后, 贺龙率第18兵团配合第二野战军进军四川,后归西南军区建制。第一野战军部队即转入清剿残匪,屯垦戍边。
         
       1949年11月30日,中共中央军委决定,第一野战军与西北军区合并,称中国人民解放军第一野战军暨西北军区。彭德怀任司令员,习仲勋任政治委员,张宗逊、赵寿山任副司令员,甘泗淇任副政治委员兼政治部主任,阎揆要任参谋长,王政柱、韩练成任副参谋长,张德生任政治部副主任。下辖第1兵团(兼新疆军区)、第2兵团(兼甘肃军区)、第19兵团(兼陕西军区),第1军和第65军分别兼青海和宁夏军区。12月下旬,新疆国民党军起义部队改编为中国人民解放军第22兵团,陶峙岳任司令员,王震兼政治委员,辖第9军(赵锡光兼军长,张仲瀚任政治委员)及骑兵第7、第8师。1950年元月,长期坚持新疆革命斗争的民族军,改编为中国人民解放军第5军(列斯肯任军长,顿星云任政治委员)。在此之前,于1949年9月,国民党甘肃省保安副司令兼师管区司令周祥初起义部队,改编为中国人民解放军西北独立第1军,周祥初任军长,张希英任参谋长;同月,国民党军第81军起义部队,改编为中国人民解放军西北独立第2军,马惇靖任军长,甄华任政治委员,12月,起义之国民党军第119军改编为中国人民解放军西北独立第3军,蒋汉诚任军长,黄忠学任政治委员。上述部队均隶属第一野战军建制。1950年4月,根据中共中央军委决定,第一野战军和兵团番号撤销,所属部队归西北军区建制。
    12 March

    《与台湾关系法》原文

    Taiwan Relations Act
      Public Law 96-8 96th Congress
      
      
      
      
      
      An Act:
      
      To help maintain peace, security, and stability in the Western Pacific and to promote the foreign policy of the United States by authorizing the continuation of commercial, cultural, and other relations between the people of the United States and the people on Taiwan, and for other purposes.
      
      Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
      
      SHORT TITLE
      
      SECTION 1. This Act may be cited as the "Taiwan Relations Act".
      
      FINDINGS AND DECLARATION OF POLICY
      
      SEC. 2. (a) The President- having terminated governmental relations between the United States and the governing authorities on Taiwan recognized by the United States as the Republic of China prior to January 1, 1979, the Congress finds that the enactment of this Act is necessary--
      
      (1) to help maintain peace, security, and stability in the Western Pacific; and
      (2) to promote the foreign policy of the United States by authorizing the continuation of commercial, cultural, and other relations between the people of the United States and the people on Taiwan.
      (b) It is the policy of the United States--
      (1) to preserve and promote extensive, close, and friendly commercial, cultural, and other relations between the people of the United States and the people on Taiwan, as well as the people on the China mainland and all other peoples of the Western Pacific area;
      
      (2) to declare that peace and stability in the area are in the political, security, and economic interests of the United States, and are matters of international concern;
      
      (3) to make clear that the United States decision to establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China rests upon the expectation that the future of Taiwan will be determined by peaceful means;
      
      (4) to consider any effort to determine the future of Taiwan by other than peaceful means, including by boycotts or embargoes, a threat to the peace and security of the Western Pacific area and of grave concern to the United States;
      
      (5) to provide Taiwan with arms of a defensive character; and
      
      (6) to maintain the capacity of the United States to resist any resort to force or other forms of coercion that would jeopardize the security, or the social or economic system, of the people on Taiwan.
      (c) Nothing contained in this Act shall contravene the interest of the United States in human rights, especially with respect to the human rights of all the approximately eighteen million inhabitants of Taiwan. The preservation and enhancement of the human rights of all the people on Taiwan are hereby reaffirmed as objectives of the United States.
      IMPLEMENTATION OF UNITED STATES POLICY WITH REGARD TO TAIWAN
      
      SEC. 3. (a) In furtherance of the policy set forth in section 2 of this Act, the United States will make available to Taiwan such defense articles and defense services in such quantity as may be necessary to enable Taiwan to maintain a sufficient self-defense capability.
      
      (b) The President and the Congress shall determine the nature and quantity of such defense articles and services based solely upon their judgment of the needs of Taiwan, in accordance with procedures established by law. Such determination of Taiwan's defense needs shall include review by United States military authorities in connection with recommendations to the President and the Congress.
      
      (c) The President is directed to inform the Congress promptly of any threat to the security or the social or economic system of the people on Taiwan and any danger to the interests of the United States arising therefrom. The President and the Congress shall determine, in accordance with constitutional processes, appropriate action by the United States in response to any such danger.
      
      APPLICATION OF LAWS; INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
      
      SEC. 4. (a) The absence of diplomatic relations or recognition shall not affect the application of the laws of the United States with respect to Taiwan, and the laws of the United States shall apply with respect to Taiwan in the manner that the laws of the United States applied with respect to Taiwan prior to January 1, 1979.
      
      (b)The application of subsection (a) of this section shall include, but shall not be limited to, the following:
      (1) Whenever the laws of the United States refer or relate to foreign countries, nations, states, governments, or similar entities, such terms shall include and such laws shall apply with such respect to Taiwan.
      
      (2) Whenever authorized by or pursuant to the laws of the United States to conduct or carry out programs, transactions, or other relations with respect to foreign countries, nations, states, governments, or similar entities, the President or any agency of the United States Government is authorized to conduct and carry out, in accordance with section 6 of this Act, such programs, transactions, and other relations with respect to Taiwan (including, but not limited to, the performance of services for the United States through contracts with commercial entities on Taiwan), in accordance with the applicable laws of the United States.
      
      (3)(A) The absence of diplomatic relations and recognition with respect to Taiwan shall not abrogate, infringe, modify, deny, or otherwise affect in any way any rights or obligations (including but not limited to those involving contracts, debts, or property interests of any kind) under the laws of the United States heretofore or hereafter acquired by or with respect to Taiwan.
      
      (B) For all purposes under the laws of the United States, including actions in any court in the United States, recognition of the People's Republic of China shall not affect in any way the ownership of or other rights or interests in properties, tangible and intangible, and other things of value, owned or held on or prior to December 31, 1978, or thereafter acquired or earned by the governing authorities on Taiwan.
      
      (4) Whenever the application of the laws of the United States depends upon the law that is or was applicable on Taiwan or compliance therewith, the law applied by the people on Taiwan shall be considered the applicable law for that purpose.
      
      (5) Nothing in this Act, nor the facts of the President's action in extending diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China, the absence of diplomatic relations between the people on Taiwan and the United States, or the lack of recognition by the United States, and attendant circumstances thereto, shall be construed in any administrative or judicial proceeding as a basis for any United States Government agency, commission, or department to make a finding of fact or determination of law, under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978, to deny an export license application or to revoke an existing export license for nuclear exports to Taiwan.
      
      (6) For purposes of the Immigration and Nationality Act, Taiwan may be treated in the manner specified in the first sentence of section 202(b) of that Act.
      
      (7) The capacity of Taiwan to sue and be sued in courts in the United States, in accordance with the laws of the United States, shall not be abrogated, infringed, modified, denied, or otherwise affected in any way by the absence of diplomatic relations or recognition.
      
      (8) No requirement, whether expressed or implied, under the laws of the United States with respect to maintenance of diplomatic relations or recognition shall be applicable with respect to Taiwan.
      
      (c) For all purposes, including actions in any court in the United States, the Congress approves the continuation in force of all treaties and other international agreements, including multilateral conventions, entered into by the United States and the governing authorities on Taiwan recognized by the United States as the Republic of China prior to January 1, 1979, and in force between them on December 31, 1978, unless and until terminated in accordance with law.
      
      (d) Nothing in this Act may be construed as a basis for supporting the exclusion or expulsion of Taiwan from continued membership in any international financial institution or any other international organization.
      
      OVERSEAS PRIVATE INVESTMENT CORPORATION
      
      SEC. 5. (a) During the three-year period beginning on the date of enactment of this Act, the $1,000 per capita income restriction in insurance, clause (2) of the second undesignated paragraph of section 231 of the reinsurance, Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 shall not restrict the activities of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation in determining whether to provide any insurance, reinsurance, loans, or guaranties with respect to investment projects on Taiwan.
      
      (b) Except as provided in subsection (a) of this section, in issuing insurance, reinsurance, loans, or guaranties with respect to investment projects on Taiwan, the Overseas Private Insurance Corporation shall apply the same criteria as those applicable in other parts of the world.
      
      THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF TAIWAN
      
      SEC. 6. (a) Programs, transactions, and other relations conducted or carried out by the President or any agency of the United States Government with respect to Taiwan shall, in the manner and to the extent directed by the President, be conducted and carried out by or through--
      
      (1) The American Institute in Taiwan, a nonprofit corporation incorporated under the laws of the District of Columbia, or
      
      (2) such comparable successor nongovermental entity as the President may designate, (hereafter in this Act referred to as the "Institute").
      
      (b) Whenever the President or any agency of the United States Government is authorized or required by or pursuant to the laws of the United States to enter into, perform, enforce, or have in force an agreement or transaction relative to Taiwan, such agreement or transaction shall be entered into, performed, and enforced, in the manner and to the extent directed by the President, by or through the Institute.
      
      (c) To the extent that any law, rule, regulation, or ordinance of the District of Columbia, or of any State or political subdivision thereof in which the Institute is incorporated or doing business, impedes or otherwise interferes with the performance of the functions of the Institute pursuant to this Act; such law, rule, regulation, or ordinance shall be deemed to be preempted by this Act.
      
      SERVICES BY THE INSTITUTE TO UNITED STATES CITIZENS ON TAIWAN
      
      SEC. 7. (a) The Institute may authorize any of its employees on Taiwan--
      (1) to administer to or take from any person an oath, affirmation, affidavit, or deposition, and to perform any notarial act which any notary public is required or authorized by law to perform within the United States;
      
      (2) To act as provisional conservator of the personal estates of deceased United States citizens; and
      
      (3) to assist and protect the interests of United States persons by performing other acts such as are authorized to be performed outside the United States for consular purposes by such laws of the United States as the President may specify.
      
      (b) Acts performed by authorized employees of the Institute under this section shall be valid, and of like force and effect within the United States, as if performed by any other person authorized under the laws of the United States to perform such acts.
      
      TAX EXEMPT STATUS OF THE INSTITUTE
      
      SEC. 8. (a) The Institute, its property, and its income are exempt from all taxation now or hereafter imposed by the United States (except to the extent that section 11(a)(3) of this Act requires the imposition of taxes imposed under chapter 21 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, relating to the Federal Insurance Contributions Act) or by State or local taxing authority of the United States.
      
      (b) For purposes of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, the Institute shall be treated as an organization described in sections 170(b)(1)(A), 170(c), 2055(a), 2106(a)(2)(A),, 2522(a), and 2522(b).
      
      FURNISHING PROPERTY AND SERVICES TO AND OBTAINING SERVICES FROM THE INSTITUTE
      
      SEC. 9. (a) Any agency of the United States Government is authorized to sell, loan, or lease property (including interests therein) to, and to perform administrative and technical support functions and services for the operations of, the Institute upon such terms and conditions as the President may direct. Reimbursements to agencies under this subsection shall be credited to the current applicable appropriation of the agency concerned.
      (b) Any agency of the United States Government is authorized to acquire and accept services from the Institute upon such terms and conditions as the President may direct. Whenever the President determines it to be in furtherance of the purposes of this Act, the procurement of services by such agencies from the Institute may be effected without regard to such laws of the United States normally applicable to the acquisition of services by such agencies as the President may specify by Executive order.
      
      (c) Any agency of the United States Government making funds available to the Institute in accordance with this Act shall make arrangements with the Institute for the Comptroller General of the United States to have access to the; books and records of the Institute and the opportunity to audit the operations of the Institute.
      
      TAIWAN INSTRUMENTALITY
      
      SEC. 10. (a) Whenever the President or any agency of the United States Government is authorized or required by or pursuant to the laws of the United States to render or provide to or to receive or accept from Taiwan, any performance, communication, assurance, undertaking, or other action, such action shall, in the manner and to the. extent directed by the President, be rendered or Provided to, or received or accepted from, an instrumentality established by Taiwan which the President determines has the necessary authority under the laws applied by the people on Taiwan to provide assurances and take other actions on behalf of Taiwan in accordance with this Act.
      
      (b) The President is requested to extend to the instrumentality established by Taiwan the same number of offices and complement of personnel as were previously operated in the United States by the governing authorities on Taiwan recognized as the Republic of China prior to January 1, 1979.
      
      (c) Upon the granting by Taiwan of comparable privileges and immunities with respect to the Institute and its appropriate personnel, the President is authorized to extend with respect to the Taiwan instrumentality and its appropriate; personnel, such privileges and immunities (subject to appropriate conditions and obligations) as may be necessary for the effective performance of their functions.
      
      SEPARATION OF GOVERNMENT PERSONNEL FOR EMPLOYMENT WITH THE INSTITUTE
      
      SEC. 11. (a)(1) Under such terms and conditions as the President may direct, any agency of the United States Government may separate from Government service for a specified period any officer or employee of that agency who accepts employment with the Institute.
      
      (2) An officer or employee separated by an agency under paragraph (1) of this subsection for employment with the Institute shall be entitled upon termination of such employment to reemployment or reinstatement with such agency(or a successor agency) in an appropriate position with the attendant rights, privileges, and benefits with the officer or employee would have had or acquired had he or she not been so separated, subject to such time period and other conditions as the President may prescribe.
      
      (3) An officer or employee entitled to reemployment or reinstatement rights under paragraph (2) of this subsection shall, while continuously employed by the Institute with no break in continuity of service, continue to participate in any benefit program in which such officer or employee was participating prior to employment by the Institute, including programs for compensation for job-related death, injury, or illness; programs for health and life insurance; programs for annual, sick, and other statutory leave; and programs for retirement under any system established by the laws of the United States; except that employment with the Institute shall be the basis for participation in such programs only to the extent that employee deductions and employer contributions, as required, in payment for such participation for the period of employment with the Institute, are currently deposited in the program's or system's fund or depository. Death or retirement of any such officer or employee during approved service with the Institute and prior to reemployment or reinstatement shall be considered a death in or retirement from Government service for purposes of any employee or survivor benefits acquired by reason of service with an agency of the United States Government.
      
      (4) Any officer or employee of an agency of the United States Government who entered into service with the Institute on approved leave of absence without pay prior to the enactment of this Act shall receive the benefits of this section for the period of such service.
      
      (b) Any agency of the United States Government employing alien personnel on Taiwan may transfer such personnel, with accrued allowances, benefits, and rights, to the Institute without a break in service for purposes of retirement and other benefits, including continued participation in any system established by the laws of the United States for the retirement of employees in which the alien was participating prior to the transfer to the Institute, except that employment with the Institute shall be creditable for retirement purposes only to the extent that employee deductions and employer contributions.. as required, in payment for such participation for the period of employment with the Institute, are currently deposited in the system' s fund or depository.
      
      (c) Employees of the Institute shall not be employees of the United States and, in representing the Institute, shall be exempt from section 207 of title 18, United States Code.
      
      (d)(1) For purposes of sections 911 and 913 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, amounts paid by the Institute to its employees shall not be treated as earned income. Amounts received by employees of the Institute shall not be:included in gross income, and shall be exempt from taxation, to the extent that they are equivalent to amounts received by civilian officers and employees of the Government of the United States as allowances and benefits which are exempt from taxation under section 912 of such Code.
      
      (2) Except to the extent required by subsection (a)(3) of this section, service performed in the employ of the Institute shall not constitute employment for purposes of chapter 21 of such Code and title II of the Social Security Act.
      
      REPORTING REQUIREMENT
      
      SEC. 12. (a) The Secretary of State shall transmit to the Congress the text of any agreement to which the Institute is a party. However, any such agreement the immediate public disclosure of which would, in the opinion of the President, be prejudicial to the national security of the United States shall not be so transmitted to the Congress but shall be transmitted to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives under an appropriate injunction of secrecy to be removed only upon due notice from the President.
      
      (b) For purposes of subsection (a), the term "agreement" includes-
      (1) any agreement entered into between the Institute and the governing authorities on Taiwan or the instrumentality established by Taiwan; and
      
      (2) any agreement entered into between the Institute and an agency of the United States Government.
      
      (c) Agreements and transactions made or to be made by or through the Institute shall be subject to the same congressional notification, review, and approval requirements and procedures as if such agreements and transactions were made by or through the agency of the United States Government on behalf of which the Institute is acting.
      
      (d) During the two-year period beginning on the effective date of this Act, the Secretary of State shall transmit to the Speaker of the House and Senate House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of Foreign Relations the Senate, every six months, a report describing and reviewing economic relations between the United States and Taiwan, noting any interference with normal commercial relations.
      
      RULES AND REGULATIONS
      
      SEC. 13. The President is authorized to prescribe such rules and regulations as he may deem appropriate to carry out the purposes of this Act. During the three-year period beginning on the effective date speaker of this Act, such rules and regulations shall be transmitted promptly to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate. Such action shall.not, however, relieve the Institute of the responsibilities placed upon it by this Act.'
      CONGRESSIONAL OVERSIGHT
      
      SEC. 14. (a) The Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, and other appropriate committees of the Congress shall monitor-
      
      (1) the implementation of the provisions of this Act;
      
      (2) the operation and procedures of the Institute;
      
      (3) the legal and technical aspects of the continuing relationship between the United States and Taiwan; and
      
      (4) the implementation of the policies of the United States concerning security and cooperation in East Asia.
      
      (b) Such committees shall report, as appropriate, to their respective Houses on the results of their monitoring.
      
      DEFINITIONS
      
      SEC. 15. For purposes of this Act-
      
      (1) the term "laws of the United States" includes any statute, rule, regulation, ordinance, order, or judicial rule of decision of the United States or any political subdivision thereof; and
      
      (2) the term "Taiwan" includes, as the context may require, the islands of Taiwan and the Pescadores, the people on those islands, corporations and other entities and associations created or organized under the laws applied on those islands, and the governing authorities on Taiwan recognized by the United States as the Republic of China prior to January 1, 1979, and any successor governing authorities (including political subdivisions, agencies, and instrumentalities thereof).
      
      AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS
      
      SEC. 16. In addition to funds otherwise available to carry out the provisions of this Act, there are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State for the fiscal year 1980 such funds as may be necessary to carry out such provisions. Such funds are authorized to remain available until expended.
      
      SEVERABILITY OF PROVISIONS
      
      SEC. 17. If any provision of this Act or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the remainder of the Act and the application of such provision to any other person or circumstance shall not be affected thereby.
      
      EFFECTIVE DATE
      
      SEC. 18. This Act shall be effective as of January 1, 1979. Approved April 10, 1979.

    美国《与台湾关系法》

    《与台湾关系法》
      
      (经美国国会通过并由卡特总统于1979年4月10日签署成为法律)
      
        本法是为了帮助维护西太平洋的和平、安全和稳定,并通过授权继续美国人民同台湾人民之间的商务、文化和其他关系,以促进美国的外交政策,以及为了其他目的。
      
        美利坚合众国国会参议院和众议院集会制订。
      
        简称
      
        第1条本法可称作《与台湾关系法》。
      
        调查结果与政策宣言
      
        第2条鉴于总统已结束美国和它在1979年1月1日前承认为中华民国的台湾治理当局的政府关系,国会认为有必要制定本法---
      
        (一)以帮助维护西太平洋的和平、安全和稳定。
      
        (二)通过授权继续美国人民同台湾人民之间的商务、文化和其他关系,以促进美国的外交政策。
      
        美国的政策是---
      
        (一)保持并促进美国人民同台湾人民,以及同中国大陆人民和西太平洋地区所有其他人民之间的广泛、密切和友好的商务、文化和其他关系;
      
        (二)宣布该地区的和平和稳定符合美国的政治、安全和经济利益,并为国际上所关切;
      
        (三)表明美国决定同中华人民共和国建立外交关系是基于台湾的前途将通过和平方式决定这样的期望;
      
        (四)认为以非和平方式包括抵制或禁运来决定台湾前途的任何努力,是对西太平洋地区的和平和安全的威胁,并为美国严重关切之事;   (五)向台湾提供防御性武器;
      
        (六)使美国保持抵御会危及台湾人民的安全或社会、经济制度的任何诉诸武力的行为或其他强制形式的能力。
      
        本法中任何条款都不应违背美国对人权的关心,特别是对大约1800万全体台湾居民的人权的关心。兹重申,维护并促进全体台湾人民的人权是美国的目标。
      
        美国对台湾政策的执行
      
        第3条为促进本法第2条规定的政策,美国将向台湾提供使其能保持足够自卫能力所需数量的防御物资和防御服务。
      
        (一)总统和国会应完全根据他们对台湾的需要的判断并依照法律程序来决定这类防御物资和服务的性质和数量。对台湾防御需要作出的这类决定应包括美国军事当局为了向总统和国会提出建议所作出的估计。   (二)兹指示总统将对台湾人民的安全或社会、经济制度的任何威胁并由此而产生的对美国利益所造成的任何危险迅速通知国会。总统和国会应依照宪法程序决定美国应付任何这类危险的适当行动。
      
        法律的适用和国际协定
      
        第4条(一)外交关系或承认之不存在不应影响美国法律对台湾的适用,美国法律适用于台湾应与1979年1月1日以前相同。
      
        (二)本条款应包括但不限于下述情况:
      
        (一)凡当美国法律提及或涉及外国和其他民族、国家、政府或类似实体时,上述各词含义中应包括台湾,此类法律亦应适用于台湾。
      
        (二)凡当美国法律授权或根据美国法律同外国或同其他民族、国家、政府或类似的实体实施计划、办理交易或进行其他往来时,也授权总统或美国政府的任何机构根据本法第六条并依照有关的美国法律同台湾实施同样的计划,办理同样的交易和进行其他往来(包括但不限于通过同台湾的商业实体订立合同为美国提供服务)。
      
        (三)迄今或今后台湾根据美国法律所取得的或与台湾有关的任何权利或义务(包括但不限于涉及合同、债务或任何财产利益的权利或义务),都不应因同台湾之间不存在外交关系和承认而被废除、侵害、修改、否认或受到其他任何影响。
      
        根据美国法律在一切情况下,包括在美国各级法院提出诉讼时,承认中华人民共和国一事丝毫不应影响台湾当局于1978年12月31日或以前所拥有或持有的、或在此以后获取或赚得的对各种有形和无形的财产和其他有价值的东西的所有权或其他权利或利益。
      
        (四)当美国法律的适用取决于现在或过去适用于台湾的法律或者对这种法律的遵守时,台湾人民所实施的法律应被认为是在这种情况下适用的法律。
      
        (五)在任何行政或司法程序中,本法的任何内容,总统在外交上承认中华人民共和国的行动,台湾人民和美国之间不存在外交关系、或不被美国承认的事实和伴随的各种情况,都不应被解释为美国政府的任何机构、委员会或部门可据以按照1954年原子能法和1978年防止核扩散法作出事实判定或法律裁决,以拒绝向台湾进行核输出的出口许可证申请或吊销现有的这种出口许可证。
      
        (六)就移民归化法而言,对台湾得按该法第202条(2)款第一句所规定的方式处理。
      
        (七)台湾根据美国法律,在美国法院起诉或被控告的资格不应因不存在外交关系或承认而被废除、侵害、修改、否认或受到其他任何影响。
      
        (八)根据美国法律有关保持外交关系或承认的任何明确的或暗含的要求均不适用于台湾。
      
        在一切情况下,包括在美国的各级法院提出诉讼时,国会批准美国同到1979年1月1日止被它承认为中华民国的台湾治理当局所签订的并在1978年12月31日有效的一切条约和其他国际协定(包括多边公约)依然继续有效,除非和直到按照法律予以终止。
      
        本法的任何内容不得解释为支持把台湾从任何国际金融机构或任何其他国际组织中排斥或驱逐出去的依据。
      
        海外私人投资公司
      
        第5条在本法颁布之日起的三年时间,1961年的援外法第231条未标明的第二段中的第二款关于人口平均收入为一千美元的限制规定,不应使海外私人投资公司就有关在台湾的投资项目确定是否需要提供保险、再保险、贷款或保证的活动受到限制。
      
        除本条款款的规定外,海外私人投资公司对在台湾的投资项目提供保险、再保险、贷款或保证外,应采用适用于世界其他地方的同样标准。
      
        美国在台湾协会
      
        第6条总统或美国政府的任何机构同台湾进行的计划、交易和其他往来,应按照总统所指示的方式和范围,或者通过(一)美国在台湾协会(以下简称“协会”)---按照哥伦比亚特区法律注册的非营利性团体,或(二)总统可能指定的类似的继承的非政府实体,去办理和进行。
      
        凡当美国法律授权或要求依照美国法律,总统或美国政府的任何机构商定、履行、实行或保持有关台湾的协定或交易时,此种协定或交易的商定、履行和实施应遵照总统指示的方式和范围由协会或通过协会进行。
      
        凡哥伦比亚特区的或该协会在该处注册或经营的州或州属行政分区的任何法律、规章、条例或法令妨碍或以其他形式干涉该协会按照本法履行职责时,应认为本法优先于这种法律、规章、条例或法令。
      
        协会对在台美国公民提供的服务
      
        第7条协会得授权其在台湾的任何雇员---
      
        (一)办理或接受任何人的宣誓、证词、誓词或作证书,并履行法律所要求或授权任何公证人在美国境内能履行的任何公证手续;
      
        (二)担任已死亡的美国公民的私人财产的临时保管人;
      
        (三)从事其他行为来协助和保护美国人的利益,如总统指定的美国法律所授权的在美国之外为领事目的而从事的行为。
        
      根据本条授权的协会雇员所从事的行为在美国国内应是有效的,并具有同等效力,如同按照美国法律授权从事这些行为的任何其他人所做的一样。
      
        协会的免税地位
      
        第8条协会及其财产和收入在现在或今后都免予向合众国纳税(但本法第十一条(三)款所要求的根据与联邦保险拨款法有关的1954年国内税收法第21章所规定的征税除外),也免于向任何一州或地方税务当局纳税。
      
        就1954年国内税收法而言,协会应被视作该法第170条、第170条、第2055条、第2106条、第2522条和第2522条中所描述的那种组织。
      
        向协会提供资产和服务以及自协会获取服务
      
        第9条兹授权美国政府的任何机构,按照总统可能提出的条件,向协会出售、借贷或出租资产(包括其中的利益),并为协会的工作提供行政和技术支援与服务。偿付给本款上述机构的费用应归入该机构当前可使用的拨款之内。
      
        兹授权美国政府的任何机构,按照总统可能提出的条件,获得和接受协会的服务。凡总统断定这些机构获取协会的服务有助于实现本法宗旨时,获得此项服务,可不顾及总统以行政命令规定的通常适用于这些机构获取服务时的那些法律。
      
        凡根据本法为协会提供款项的美国政府任何机构应同协会作出安排,使美国总审计长能够检查协会的帐目和记录,并有机会对协会业务开支进行审计。
      
        台湾机构
      
        第10条总统或美国政府任何机构经美国法律授权或要求依照法律向台湾提供或接受台湾的任何工作通讯、保证、许诺或其他行动时,此等行动应按照总统指示的方式和范围提供给台湾设立的一个机构,或从这样的机构接受,这种机构须经总统断定按台湾人民实行的法律具有必要的权力代表台湾按照本法提供保证和采取其他行动。
      
        请总统为台湾设立的机构提供与1979年1月1日以前被承认为中华民国的台湾治理当局在美国曾开办的机构的数目相同的办事处和人员。
      
        在台湾给予协会及其有关人员类似的特权与豁免时,兹授权总统对台湾机构及其有关人员给予为有效执行其职务所必需的特权和豁免(须附以适当的条件和义务)。
      
        受雇于协会的政府人员的分离
      
        第11条(一)按照总统指示的条件,美国政府任何机构得将其官员或雇员之受雇于协会者在一特定时间内从政府公职中分离出去。
      
        (二)根据(一)款因受雇于协会而脱离原机构的任何官员和雇员,有权在受雇期结束时重返原机构(或继承机构)担任适当职务,并享有如同未脱离一般的相应权利、特权和福利,但须服从总统可能规定的期限和其他条件。
      
        (三)有权根据(二)款重返原机构复职的官员或雇员,在继续受雇于协会且服务无中断时,应继续参加该员为协会雇用前所参加的福利计划。包括因公死亡、受伤或生病的赔偿抚恤,健康及人寿保险,年度假、病假及其他法定休假,以及美国法律规定的任何制度下的退休待遇,但受雇于协会作为参加此类计划的依据的程度,以在受雇于协会期间应为此种参与付出的雇员工资扣除雇主拨款均按时交存于该计划或制度的基金或储蓄所者为限。这类官员或雇员在批准受雇于协会期间,在重返原机构复职以前死亡或退休时,为享受在美国政府任何机构服务应获得的退休或抚恤福利的目的,应视为担任政府公职中的死亡或自政府公职退休。
      
        (四)在制定本法前,任何获准停薪离职而进入协会工作的美国政府机构的官员或雇员,应在服务期间享受本条所规定的福利。
      
        为了享受退休和其他福利的目的,在台湾雇用外籍人员的任何美国政府机构得将这些外籍人员连同他们积累的津贴、福利和权利移交给协会而不中断其服务期,包括让他们继续参加美国法律为雇员退休所建立的福利制度,这种制度是这些人员在转移到协会以前就参加的。但受雇于协会使其能享受退休福利的程度,以在受雇于协会期间应为此种参与付出的雇员工资扣除和雇主拨款均按时交存于该计划的基金或储蓄所者为限。
      
        协会的雇员不是合众国的雇员,他们在代表协会的时候,免受美国法规第18号第207条的限制。
      
        (一)就1954年国内税收法第911条和第913条而言,协会付给它的雇员的款项不应被作为赚得的收入对待。协会雇员得到的款项不应包括在其总收入之内,并免于赋税,如果这笔款项与美国政府的文官和雇员按该法第912条免税的津贴和福利收入的款项相等的话。
      
        (二)除本条(三)款的规定外,在受协会雇佣期间所作的服务不应构成国内税收法第21章和社会保险法第二号所述的雇佣。
      
        汇报要求
      
        第12条国务卿应将协会参加为一方的任何协定的文本递交国会。但是如果总统认为,立即将某一项协定公布于众会有损于美国的国家安全,则不应把这样的协定递交国会,而应在适当保密要求下递交参议院外交关系委员会和众议院外交事务委员会,保密要求只有在总统通知时才能解除。
      
        在款中所提“协定”一词包括:
      
        (一)协会与台湾治理当局或台湾设立的机构之间缔结的任何协定。
      
        (二)协会与美国政府任何机构之间缔结的任何协定。
      
        由协会自己或通过它达成或将要达成的协定和交易,需遵守同样的向国会报告、由国会审查和批准的规定和程序,如同这些协定和交易是由协会所代表行事的美国政府机构自己达成或通过它达成的一样。
      
        从本法生效之日起的两年内,国务卿将每6个月向众议院议长和参议院外交关系委员会递交一份报告,叙述和回顾美国与台湾之间的经济关系,指出对正常商业关系的任何干预。   规章和条例
      
        第13条兹授权总统制订他认为合适的规章和条例,以贯彻本法的宗旨。在本法生效之日起的三年内,应将这些规章和条例迅速递交众议院议长和参议院处交关系委员会。但此种行动并不解除本法所加于协会的责任。
      
        国会的监督
      
        第14条众议院外交事务委员会和参议院外交关系委员会以及国会其他有关委员会应监督---
      
        (一)本法各项条款的执行情况;
      
        (二)协会的工作程序;
      
        (三)美国和台湾之间继续保持关系的法律和技术方面;
      
        (四)美国有关东亚的安全和合作政策的执行情况。
      
        上述各委员会应酌情向各自的议院汇报它们监督的结果。
      
        定义
      
        第15条为本法的目的——
        (一)“美国法律”一词,包括美国或其任何行政分区的任何法规、规章、条例、法令、命令或法院的判决。
      
        (二)按照上下文的需要,“台湾”一词包括台湾岛和彭湖列岛,这些岛上的居民,依照在这些岛上实施的法律建立或组织的公司、其他实体和协会,以及美国在1979年1月1日前承认为中华民国的台湾治理当局和任何继承的治理当局(包括行政分区、机构和所属的执行机构)。
      
        拨款的授权
      
        第16条除了为实施本法规定而提供的其他款项以外,兹授权在1980年财政年度拨给国务卿为实施本法规定所必须的款项。这此款项在用尽之前业经授权随时可以提取。
      
        条款的可分离性
      
        第17条如果本法的任何条款或者它对任何人或情况的适用被认为无效,这将不影响本法的其余部分及其对任何其他人或情况的适用。
      
        生效日期
      
        第18条本法自1979年1月1日起生效。
    11 March

    初中政治题 欢迎回答

    初三政治问题
    上海市委书记陈良宇多次强调要学习和弘扬洋山建设精神。因为它不断丰富发展了上海城市精神和中华民族的伟大民族精神。
    1.中华民族的伟大民族精神是什么?
    2.请写出除洋山精神外两个民族精神事例
    03 March

    新掌门发话

    我不需要一支由百万富翁组成的球队,我需要是一群永远充满战斗精神,甚至一天能运转24小时的人,只有为这件神圣的球衣不惜流汗的人才能为球迷赢得冠军,而我本人和俱乐部都将给予他们最大限度的支持。对于那些没有为皇家马德里全身心投入或者认为只要付出微小努力就可以留下的人,现在就可以走了,我不会感到犹豫。
     
     
    Fernando Martin Alvarez